In two separate studies (one field study of nurses, one laboratory study of students), Michael Christian and Aleksander Ellis revealed that when people suffered sleep deprivation they experienced a decrease in productivity, lost their self-control and began to feel more hostile. In other words, lack of sleep makes people cranky. In their field study, this crankiness led people to engage in workplace deviance, falsify receipts for reimbursement, work slower to earn more overtime, use drugs and alcohol on the job, and criticize or verbally degrade co-workers. Inside the laboratory, the results were replicated with an intriguing twist: the researchers provided students with an incentive to steal answers to a test they took. Those sleep-deprived students were more likely steal the answers and cheat on the test.

The explanation the authors propose is that sleep deprivation does not affect the brain equally. When individuals are deprived of sleep, they experience decreased brain function primarily in the prefrontal cortex, which controls many “executive” and “supervisory” functions including the ability to control emotion and govern behaviors. Lack of sleep decreases individuals’ self-regulation, which helps them determine how best to act around others. Within the field study, lack of control over emotions and lack of behavioral inhibition triggered nurses (and shift leaders) to engage in behavior that would otherwise be obviously in appropriate. These same functions, emotional control, behavioral inhibition and self-regulation are skills needed for effective, emotionally intelligent leadership.

Organizations and leaders can help avoid these negatives by encouraging individuals to take time for rest, even if work still needs to be done. Tony Schwartz, founder of The Energy Project cites research that argues that 95 percent of humans require 7-8 hours of sleep per night. The remaining five percent is distributed on either side of the 95 percent, implying that 97.5 percent of humans require at least 7 hours of sleep. Some specific actions for reducing crankiness-induced workplace deviance include:

1. Sleep awareness programs. These provide leaders and employees with information on the importance of sleep and tactics for monitoring their own sleep habits. If individuals can be more aware of their sleep, they can recognize when their inhibition is low and potential deviance high. Search engine giant Google conducted just such a program in 2006, providing sleep awareness programs to 3,000 employees and training over 50 facilitators worldwide.
2. Re-designing jobs to limit sleep deprivation. Sometimes simply rescheduling work shifts would increase rest but in other industries acceptable limits to when individuals can work from offsite would also need to be set. In 2011, Volkswagen established a policy deactivating mobile email outside of work hours for the sole reason of allowing employees to have downtime when not at work.
3. Changing the organizational culture. Many industries and organizations promote internal competition and workaholism. While this may appear to drive productivity, more often it can drive deviance. Consider changing the organization’s culture to encourage a more holistic, sustainable approach to work life. Since 2007, Ernest & Young has been engaged in a program of culture change to reduce turnover by reducing the pressure toward workaholism during the busy tax season.

It is tempting to believe that more hours at work directly influence more output. However, recent research is revealing that this may not be the case. In fact, the real link may be between more hours at work and more workplace deviance. This relationship is found across all levels, from employees to those in senior leadership. Among the sleepless in senior leadership, many have convinced themselves that the organization needs them to work more.

However, what the organization really needs is not leaders who work more; it needs well-rested leaders who lead better.